Articles Regarding Pakistan
Doval’s doctrine in action
By: Hina Parvez Butt
June 05, 2025
Courtesy: The News International
India’s tactical defeat in the recent conflict hasn’t prompted restraint. It’s accelerated a dangerous descent. That a nuclear-armed state would respond to a military setback by doubling down on covert proxy warfare isn’t a sign of strategy but of desperation. And nowhere is that desperation more visible than in Balochistan, where the decades-old Indian hand is now a matter of record.
The link between India’s RAW and the Balochistan Liberation Army has been well-established. But what’s new – and demands a far more serious response – is the engineered alliance between the BLA and the TTP. These are ideologically incompatible groups with no organic reason to work together. Their operational merger makes sense only when understood as the product of a foreign intelligence apparatus acting with purpose – in this case, RAW.
For years, Ajit Doval’s doctrine of 'offensive defence' has been passed off as strategic brilliance in Indian circles. In reality, it’s amounted to exporting terror to Pakistan and masking it as containment. Doval himself has been more than happy to explain it all to his YouTube audience – how India is engaging in hybrid warfare, how its reach extends into Pakistan’s tribal belt, and how non-state actors are used as force multipliers. When such admissions come not from whistleblowers but senior security officials, there’s no point pretending we’re dealing with anything less than a state policy of sustained subversion.
Yet for too long, Pakistan has hesitated to update the rulebook. Even when arrests were made and confessions surfaced, the preferred response was caution and international diplomacy. Now that India’s role in stoking unrest through the BLA-TTP nexus is undeniable, that playbook has run its course.
India isn’t just backing terror. It’s building a parallel theatre of conflict that doesn’t show up in ceasefire agreements or diplomatic overtures but bleeds Pakistan in slow motion. And after the embarrassment of a failed escalation, India has every incentive to let this theatre take centre-stage.
The signs are already there. Cross-border terrorism has picked up. Sleeper cells are being activated in urban centres. Ethnic fault lines are once again being tested. The pattern is textbook asymmetric warfare, but the context is important: this isn’t the behaviour of a rising regional power. It’s the last gasp of a regional spoiler that thought military posturing would yield strategic depth, only to realise it was neither ready nor capable of sustaining it.
The most troubling front in this campaign remains Balochistan. Unlike past cycles of violence, the new wave is far more calculated. It targets infrastructure, demoralises security personnel and aims to isolate the province both politically and economically. The agenda is no longer about Baloch grievances; it’s about creating sustained instability that can be leveraged externally. What we’re seeing is really remote-controlled sabotage.
RAW’s tactics in Balochistan are evolving. Recent operations have shown a marked increase in technical sophistication. Communication channels are encrypted, funding routes are harder to trace and targeted disinformation campaigns now accompany kinetic attacks. This hybrid model mirrors patterns seen in other destabilisation theatres, from eastern Ukraine to parts of the Middle East, and should not be dismissed as improvisation. This is India’s strategy.
Meanwhile, international attention remains fleeting, driven more by geopolitical alignments than objective assessments. Western capitals that preach stability have shown little appetite for calling out India’s double game. At best, they issue bland statements of concern. At worst, they reward India with defence deals and diplomatic cover. Pakistan must break this silence – and not with dossiers alone. Strategic engagement, evidence-based diplomacy and a calibrated media campaign must converge to challenge the narrative.
What matters now is clarity of purpose. Pakistan’s security establishment cannot afford to play defence indefinitely. The enemy has declared its strategy. It’s time Pakistan declared its resolve. That means enhancing internal coherence, securing the information space, denying operational depth to proxies and building the regional alliances necessary to expose and isolate the architects of subversion.
India’s defeat on the battlefield should have marked a pause in hostilities. Instead, it has sharpened the covert edge of its foreign policy. The choice before Pakistan is clear: either let Balochistan be used as a permanent pressure point or expose the covert war for what it is – and act accordingly.
Environment Day
By: Zara Azhar Khan
June 05, 2025
Courtesy: The Nation
We live in a world mired by endless pressing challenges that rise and fall, akin to a sinusoidal wave. There is progression and regression, not just in the nature of the issues globally, but the highs and lows are also reflective of our dedication towards combating and mitigating, in particular, the environmental burdens we face. Among the many environmental burdens we face, plastic pollution is unmistakably significant, with persistent and widespread global implications. According to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), more than 460 million metric tons of plastic are produced annually. An issue brief by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) estimates that approximately 20 million metric tons of plastic enter the environment annually. This plastic leaking and leaching into the environment disrupts every major ecosystem, fuels biodiversity loss, and exacerbates climate change. Macro-plastics breakdown into microplastics and nano-plastics, which can pass through cellular membranes. These tiny plastic particles have been detected in human blood and placentas and are associated with developmental, reproductive, neurological, and immune system disorders. The impacts of plastic pollution are alarming and demand urgent attention.
A first-of-its-kind and unprecedented global treaty to combat plastic pollution is currently being developed under the leadership of UNEP. In 2022, the UN Environment Assembly agreed upon a historic resolution to create a legally binding agreement. This agreement is built on an all-encompassing strategy and aims to address plastic pollution over its entire life cycle, including production, design, and disposal. The Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) sessions convened by the UNEP have engaged countries across the globe to reach a consensus on the subject matter. As the world marks World Environment Day 2025 today, in just two months, the second part of the fifth session of the INC-5.2 will take place in Geneva, Switzerland. This session is a critical step toward finalizing the global treaty on plastic pollution.
World Environment Day is the most significant international day dedicated to the environment, led by UNEP and observed annually since 1973. This year, World Environment Day is hosted by the Republic of Korea with a focus on ending plastic pollution, exemplifying decades of global environmental advocacy and action. Moreover, countering the issue of plastic pollution is aligned with the achievement of several Sustainable Development Goals – SDGs, including SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production, SDG 13: Climate Action, SDG 14: Life Below Water, and SDG 15: Life on Land. Hence, Environment Day 2025 is analogous to a watershed moment in the global drive to cleanse the planet of plastic waste contaminating our rivers, seas, and land, disrupting our ecosystems, and endangering marine life.
Shifting the lens from global to local, research conducted by the University of Leeds highlights that plastic pollution has detrimental impacts in regions with inadequate waste management, particularly in the Global South. In Pakistan, the absence of an integrated solid waste management system is evident. The metropolitan hub – Karachi, Punjab’s heart – Lahore, and the planned capital – Islamabad lack an overarching and all-encompassing solid waste management strategy. Pakistan’s plastic consumption continues to skyrocket with its growing urban population. Increased production and consumption of plastics is alarming, as 86% of the country’s waste is not managed properly. According to Earth Action 2024 data, Pakistan ranks among the top ten countries with the highest volume of mismanaged plastic waste in absolute terms. Pakistan’s municipal waste management practices are to blame, as waste is neither segregated, sorted, nor properly recycled.. The communities generating waste take no responsibility for its disposal. Waste is largely dumped without a management strategy in place, leading to contamination of water bodies, pollution of rivers and the sea, and clogging of drainage systems contributing to urban flooding specially during monsoons.
Examining the policy landscape of Pakistan, several policies at the federal and provincial level exist on the subject matter. These policies are commendable on paper; however, they seem to be disintegrated and misaligned, producing no concrete results. The abrupt and blanket bans on single use plastics and plastic bags have not yielded long term fruitful results due to a lack of awareness, the absence of onboarding of all stakeholders, and no availability of alternatives. Successful implementation of policy requires long term behavioural change that can be achieved by including all stakeholders in the process. The Global Plastic Action Partnership reports that only 4% of the plastic waste produced annually in Pakistan is recycled. Pakistan requires policy intervention focusing on recycling the plastic produced, aiming towards a model of circularity. Local governments must make waste segregation and recycling a priority. Furthermore, legislation should emphasize a responsible corporate sector by implementing Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) practices.
In order to overcome the challenge of plastic pollution, Pakistan requires a multifaceted approach including policy interventions and public-private partnerships, where all governing bodies at the federal and provincial level are aligned, working toward a clear objective with unwavering commitment. A coordinated effort is required to improve the waste management system in Pakistan. Most importantly, the first step in addressing the plastic crisis is to first acknowledge it as a crisis that demands immediate attention and action.
Nuclear arsenal safety
By: Nomeen Kassi
June 05, 2025
Courtesy: Pakistan Todasy
The two nuclear rivals, India and Pakistan, have just ended their worst military conflict in nearly three decades. The conflict began after India’s false flag operation in Pahalgam that killed 26 people. India accused the terrorist attack of being backed by Pakistan in Indian occupied Kashmir. In the face of Pakistan’s denial of the allegations, India struck what it called “terrorist camps” in Pakistan in retaliation for an attack it falsely accused Pakistan of. This led to four days of intense drone, missile, and artillery exchanges, leaving nearly 70 people, including dozens of civilians, dead on both sides. India had a worse defeat before the ceasefire was called by the USA. However, after such a clash and defeat, India’s defence minister, Rajnath Singh, opted for a very blatant statement regarding Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal.
On May 15, Singh said that the “International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) should take charge of Pakistan’s nuclear weapons”. This statement comes after India’s disgraceful defeat in the dogfight against Pakistan’s air force. He further added that “I wanted to raise this question for the world: are nuclear weapons safe in the hands of a rogue and irresponsible nation?” Additionally, this statement was made at a time when the situation was very sensitive between the two nuclear rivals. On the other hand, the ceasefire agreement has not yet been processed, with constant delays. Similarly, blatant statements from Indian leaders are making the situation worse, such as the one by Singh.
Pakistan strongly condemned India’s remarks on Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal. Additionally, in response to the Indian minister’s comments, Pakistan’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesperson Shafqat Ali Khan said that “These irresponsible remarks reveal his profound insecurity and frustration regarding Pakistan’s effective defense and deterrence against Indian aggression through conventional means. Pakistan’s conventional capabilities are adequate to deter India, without the self-imposed ‘nuclear blackmail’ that New Delhi suffers. It is to be noted that Pakistan has repeatedly expressed concerns over the continued “provocative and inflammatory remarks by Indian leadership, as a threat to the fragile regional peace”.
In reply to Singh’s question, the MoFA spokesperson raised questions on India’s involvement in “repeated theft” and “illicit trafficking incidents” involving nuclear and radioactive material in India. He thinks that the IAEA and the international community should be worried about that instead. In return, he probed the measures taken by New Delhi “for the safety and security of nuclear and other radioactive material.”
In the past, there have been several mishaps on India’s account showing its poor safety standards in nuclear energy. The spokesman cited certain incidents to remind India of their standing regarding the safety of nuclear energy. Citing these incidents, he recalled, just last year, five individuals with a radioactive device reported as allegedly stolen from the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) were found in Dehradun, India. Likewise, a gang of individuals was found in illegal possession of a highly radioactive and toxic substance, californium, worth $100 million. Three incidents of theft of californium were also reported in 2021. In addition to the ones not cited, there is an endless list of incidents dating since 1994 when the first recorded incident of nuclear smuggling in India took place.
To list a few incidents, in June 1998, Police arrested a politician in the Indian state of West Bengal, who they said was carrying more than 100 kg of uranium. On 5 May 2021, more than seven kgs of Uranium were seized in the Indian state of Maharashtra, possessed by unauthorized people. Similarly, on 3 June 2021, Indian security agencies arrested seven unauthorized people and seized 6.4 kg of uranium from their possession. As per Indian Government officials, in 2013, guerrilla fighters in northeast India illegally obtained uranium ore from a government-run milling complex in northeast India and strapped it to high explosives to make a crude bomb before being caught by police. The list is very long.
India claims to be a responsible nuclear weapon state, but repetitive incidents of theft validate that nuclear material in India is unsafe. For India, it is important to secure nuclear material at home instead of commenting blatantly regarding Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal.
Such incidents in India show that nuclear arsenals in India are unsafe and not under proper watch. Shafaqat Ali Khan also expressed concerns regarding the black market in India. He stated that “These incidents also suggest the existence of a black market for sensitive, dual-use materials inside India”. He added that “Pakistan urges a thorough investigation of these incidents” and “calls upon India to ensure the safety and security of its nuclear facilities and arsenal.”
The cumulative incidents of nuclear trafficking in India have set alarms across the world. Such disturbing developments in India regarding their nuclear arsenals make India in no position to question Pakistan’s nuclear capabilities and call it a rogue state. One should focus on one’s safety first rather than start a blame game. India has always been involved in the blame game and false flag operations concerning Pakistan. That is all India always does.
The MoFA also criticized Singh’s remarks as “ignorant of the mandate and responsibilities” of the IAEA, tasked with verifying that nuclear programmes remain peaceful. India’s civilian nuclear facilities are subject to the IAEA safeguards under a 2008 agreement, but its strategic programme is not. A leading US non-proliferation watchdog, the Nuclear Threat Initiative, has a nuclear security index that gave India a low ranking for its poor safety and security of nuclear material. This position has not changed since 2020. It has categorized Pakistan as the “most improved country” in the ranking for countries with weapons-usable nuclear materials.
India claims to be a responsible nuclear weapon state, but repetitive incidents of theft validate that nuclear material in India is unsafe. For India, it is important to secure nuclear material at home instead of commenting blatantly regarding Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal.
Urban flooding in Pakistan
By: Asma Ghafoor
June 05, 2025
Courtesy: Pakistan Today
Extreme periods of rain-induced flooding have occurred in Pakistan’s cities, both large and small, throughout the past few decades, resulting in fatalities and property destruction. This is a result of our cities’ lack of readiness to handle the erratic rains.
Pakistan bears the burden of the annual monsoon season’s intense rainfall and the ensuing losses from severe flooding. These losses include human casualties, destruction of homes and property, harm to crops and livestock, and degradation of land along rivers and nullahs. However, as soon as the monsoon season ends, the governments, the relevant organisations, and even the people themselves forget the effects of floods and losses until they happen again the next year. Without any future planning or vision, this process has been ongoing for decades.
The National Disaster Management Authority and other government agencies have a misconception that the monsoon is a natural calamity and that nothing can be done about it. The authorities then wait for another incident to occur. This is a misguided idea and incorrect perspective. It is true that rainfall during the monsoon season is a natural occurrence, but there are numerous ways to manage the monsoon’s rainwater with careful preparation.
In order to take corrective action, the meteorological department predicts the weather and amount of precipitation in different regions of the nation well in advance. Furthermore, why are governments unable to permanently establish plans to prevent the aforementioned losses annually? All of this is a result of the government’s instability, inefficiency, and constantly shifting policies. Urban flooding is a serious issue brought on by excessive rainfall, poor drainage systems, and fast urbanisation, especially in Pakistan’s Lahore and Karachi. These floods cause infrastructure damage, disturb daily life, and endanger public health by spreading waterborne illnesses.
In order to internalise urban floods, planners and the government must largely agree on how the city should develop and grow without compromising its natural drainage capacity nor causing harm to the environment. Lahore, previously known as the “city of gardens,” is regrettably now known as the “city of concrete.” There are currently about 14 million people living there across an area of more than 1,770 square km.
With cities growing and agricultural land being turned into residential and commercial sectors, Pakistan has seen substantial urbanization in recent years. With half of Pakistan’s population expected to live in cities by 2050 due to migration from rural areas and a high pace of population increase, planners face a significant issue as urban flooding rates rise. Because of this unplanned and careless urbanization, wetlands and open places that naturally absorb water have been destroyed, increasing surface runoff when it’s raining a lot. The natural flow of water is impeded by encroachments on natural drainage channels, including rivers, streams, and canals.
Along with other extreme weather events like thunderstorms and hurricanes, urbanization itself contributes to excessive rainfall, which is one of the primary causes of urban floods in the majority of regions of developing nations like ours.
Pakistan is particularly susceptible to the consequences of climate change, such as more frequent and intense rains. Rapid and intense rainstorms brought on by shifting weather patterns exceed the current drainage infrastructure and result in urban floods.
Pakistan must prioritize sustainable urban growth, make investments in cutting-edge drainage systems, preserve natural water absorption zones, and construct water reservoirs in order to lessen the impact of future calamities. The only way the nation can effectively control urban flooding and protect lives and livelihoods is by proactive planning, coordinated governance, and public awareness
Urban flooding during the rainy season exacerbates a sewage infrastructure that is already in ruins. What will happen to all the extra water? Exactly nowhere!
Because of altered weather patterns, increased precipitation, melting glaciers, and other factors, climate change is one of the main causes of urban flooding. Frequently, the current infrastructure is overloaded, resulting in flooding and waterlogging. Similarly, rivers that overflow their banks may also be a major factor in the submersion of populated regions.
Urban sprawl and other human activities affect the environment. The main causes of urban flooding in major cities include unsustainable development on natural drainage paths and riverbeds, as well as the encroachment of open spaces and agricultural land.
Waterways are contaminated when natural areas are converted for development, which lowers ground absorption and speeds up surface flow, raising the danger of flooding.
Poor waste management techniques, such as incorrect trash disposal and debris buildup in drains, can impede water flow and cause localised flooding.
Authorities can take a variety of actions to try to avoid rainfall-induced urban floods, including halting the unchecked growth of cities and enhancing infrastructure in general.
Water and sewerage management authorities must upgrade the drainage system and subterranean pipes to prevent sewers from backing up during the monsoon season in order to prevent urban flooding brought on by rainfall. Furthermore, it may be wise to install new pipelines to separate wastewater and rainwater. It would enable treatment facilities to appropriately handle water without being overloaded by contaminated runoff.
Additionally, responsible government agencies and local governments should ensure that sediment, tree roots, and debris do not clog the sewer systems. Storm water would be able to drain efficiently and instantly with routine cleanups.
One of the main causes of congested pipelines is plastic, which city dwellers should pledge to use less of. We can also avoid contaminating rivers and drains by not dumping oils or other corrosive materials down them. People who live close by can try making the public parks in their neighbourhoods better by adding additional grass and trees.
In order to develop a plan for directing the rainwater that eventually becomes an unmanageable flood, the federal government, provincial governments, and the NDMA must also do a thorough introspection.
Furthermore, sending out flood warnings, visiting flood-affected areas, and offering pitiful compensation is not the answer. Regretfully, no government has devised a system to guarantee efficient actions to manage the flood and the resulting damages.
The development of a system to manage Pakistan’s floods is urgently needed. Finding locations for the development of small and medium-sized water reservoirs and water storage dams would be the primary prerequisite for this.
Four main goals would be served by these water reservoirs and dams: preventing rainwater from entering low-lying areas, which can lead to flooding and destruction; using the stored water for year-round agricultural purposes through a canal system; providing drinking water to areas where water is scarce; and producing inexpensive electricity to help the nation overcome its power shortages because hydroelectricity is the least expensive and cleanest energy source.
Poor urban design, inadequate drainage infrastructure, climate change, and unchecked urbanization are the main causes of Pakistan’s recurrent and worsening urban flooding crisis. Although there are some natural causes, such as intense monsoon rains, the main problems are human carelessness, a lack of readiness, and a lack of policy.
Pakistan must prioritize sustainable urban growth, make investments in cutting-edge drainage systems, preserve natural water absorption zones, and construct water reservoirs in order to lessen the impact of future calamities. The only way the nation can effectively control urban flooding and protect lives and livelihoods is by proactive planning, coordinated governance, and public awareness.
Military notes; Indo-Pak conflict: deterrence, pre-battle manoeuvres
By: Inam Ul Haque
June 05, 2025
Courtesy: The Tribune Express
Third, deterrence per se. More than a billion lives escaped Modi's madness in a closer than ever nuclear Armageddon. Besides the conventional side of warfare, the more dangerous 'nuclear parity' still overhangs South Asia perilously. With deterrence in 'conventional terms re-established', one hopes India under Modi would avoid another wasteful adventure of humiliation, and resume talks over the table, rather than in the skies and through brinkmanship.
The future India-Pakistan conflict scene will no longer be unilateral. It will be dictated and decided by Sino-Pak military alliance especially in collaboration with China's Western Theater Command. And this would augment deterrence for rational players on the Indian side, if any. Pakistan's Military, in South Asia's modern history, showcased the most integrated defensive strategy and real-time coordination.
And just to reiterate, in military literature, a weaker side is supposed to have won an asymmetrical contest, if it denies outright victory or the attainment of war's aims and objectives to the stronger side, which Pakistan did to a larger India.
So perceptually speaking, deterrence in the Indo-Pakistan context would, henceforth, be defined by the conventional military capabilities plus nuclear arms, and the fragility of psychological threshold on both sides, as discussed in my piece, 'India, Pakistan — redefining deterrence', printed in this space on May 22, 2025. And in Pakistan's context, deterrence would remain to be fortified by the Sino-Pakistani alliance, and the resolve of Pakistan's civil and military leadership, through Islamabad's 'quid-pro-quo Plus' strategy, to never let India prevail.
So, peace, the perusal of which now squarely lies with a mellowed but bellicose India that still pursues its intended water wars, would remain elusive if we do not recognise each other's capabilities, and do not engage each other with dignity, mutual respect and patience, and not with ignorance or arrogance.
Fourth. The Exterior Manoeuvre. Without going into the nuts and bolts of the diplomatic war, the Indian efforts to paint Pakistan into endemically bad light and as a state sponsor of terrorism, had very few takers, regionally and internationally.
Indian diplomatic overtures focused on painting itself taller by telling the world its military response was calculated and non-escalatory and that this 'new India' would respond muscularly to the so-called terrorist attacks, without wanting a wider war with Pakistan and its people. Essentially contradictory iterations.
No country condemned Pakistan for the 'alleged' terrorism; none appreciated India's 'carefully calibrated' military response. The world, contrarily, was preoccupied with the IAF's French Rafael jets being shot down by PAF's Chinese J-10C fighters using PL-15 E air-to-air missiles.
Even the US after some initial ambivalence from VP Vance had to forcefully intervene to affect a ceasefire, without giving India the blank cheque of unilateralism and brinkmanship. Russia, India's traditional friend, withheld the 'expected' diplomatic support for India. And Türkiye, Azerbaijan, Iran, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Qatar and the entire OIC, the UN
all called for restraint and then ceasefire.
Major capitals responded with studied neutrality despite India sending seven diplomatic delegations to 32 countries. Beijing's signalling and posturing in support of Pakistan were overtly clear. Washington's ceasefire appeal re-hyphenated the two nuclear neighbours, to India's great chagrin. New Delhi even refused to acknowledge any US role, for which Trump had publicly taken credit.
The paradox of Indian 'Exterior Manoeuvre' was laid bare, as to why was it accepting a ceasefire, irrespective of whether it was reached bilaterally (as India claimed) or under US interlocution (as Trump tweeted), if it had an upper hand militarily.
During the conduct of operations, fiasco after fiasco derided New Delhi's aspirations and outsized ego. From denial to acknowledging downing of planes including Rafaeles, to persistent lies on the state and social media, greatly diminished India's shine, sheen and diplomatic weight. New Delhi's comical effort to influence the World Bank under its Indian-origin president, Mr Ajay Banga, from sanctioning loan to Islamabad failed spectacularly.
The extent of India's hostility towards Pakistan permeated not only its body politics, but also its cultural elite (read Bollywood), its state behaviour; and resulted in a compulsive obsession with Pakistan, whom India's intellectual wizards proudly claim to have pushed into irrelevant ignominy.
This paradox - Pakistan's irrelevance and Islamabad being an uncomfortable reality - remains unresolved and has been damaging India's 'perceived' important power aspiration and status, without pundits realising it.
Fifth, The Inner Front. India whipped up its jingoist anti-Pakistan narrative in order to jell its inner front, silencing opposition, muzzling rationality and suppressing truth in the process. And it failed. The Modi Government had to launch Operation "Tiranga Yatra (tricolour journey)" for intense domestic messaging, to manipulate outcomes during Operation Sindoor.
From annihilating Pakistan to dominating South Asia as the new hegemon, its efforts, however, could not convince most of its 200 million Muslims, who constitute 10.9 per cent of its population, is the world's 3rd largest Muslim population, and the largest Muslim-minority globally.
Its illegally occupied Kashmir, the expected battle zone, simmers with hate, discontent and a resurgent anti-India sentiment, making operations and rear-area security a nightmare for the Indian Military. Assam, Christian Mizoram, Nagaland, the Naxalite insurgency in the 'Red Corridor', Khalistan Movement in Punjab and abroad, and other insurgencies drive wedges in the India Union.
Even the Brahman-dominated decision-making elite had and have reservations on the direction secular India has taken under Hindutva-laced Modi Sarkar. Indian security sector and armed forces saw removals, arrests and demotions during the stand-off; and its population is still experiencing arrests for supporting Pakistan, as per press reports.
By comparison, Pakistan's inner front jelled like it always does in a crisis with India. RAW-financed terrorism in KP and Balochistan, and the expected political uprising by some political forces against the armed forces, in hilarious formulation of Indian intelligence, failed and failed miserably. Pakistan's national will, determination, resolve and motivation across the political spectrum and across the nation was tougher and firm.
Pakistan's 'relative' demographic homogeneity compared to India's heterogeneity is always an asset and a force-multiplier. Such demographic truism also permeates Pakistan's armed forces, making it a formidable fighting machine.
